Sabtu, 03 Mei 2014
Sabtu, 23 Februari 2013
Polusi udara
adalah pengenalan bahan kimia, partikel, atau bahan biologis yang menyebabkan kerugian atau ketidaknyamanan pada manusia atau organisme hidup lainnya, atau menyebabkan kerusakan pada lingkungan alam atau lingkungan binaan, ke atmosfer.
Zat di udara yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada manusia dan lingkungan dikenal sebagai polutan udara. Polutan bisa dalam bentuk partikel padat, tetesan cair, atau gas. Selain itu, mereka mungkin alam atau buatan manusia. [2]
Polutan dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai primer atau sekunder. Biasanya, polutan primer secara langsung dipancarkan dari suatu proses, seperti abu dari letusan gunung berapi, gas karbon monoksida dari knalpot kendaraan bermotor atau belerang dioksida dilepaskan dari pabrik. polutan sekunder tidak dipancarkan secara langsung. Sebaliknya, mereka membentuk di udara ketika polutan primer bereaksi atau berinteraksi. Contoh penting dari polutan sekunder adalah ozon permukaan tanah - salah satu dari banyak polutan sekunder yang membentuk kabut asap fotokimia. Beberapa polutan mungkin baik primer dan sekunder: yaitu, mereka berdua dipancarkan secara langsung dan terbentuk dari bahan pencemar primer lainnya.
Efek rumah kaca
adalah suatu proses dimana radiasi termal dari permukaan planet diserap oleh gas rumah kaca di atmosfer, dan kembali dipancarkan ke segala arah. Karena bagian dari radiasi-ulang adalah kembali ke permukaan, energi yang ditransfer ke permukaan dan suasana yang lebih rendah. Akibatnya, suhu di sana lebih tinggi daripada akan jika pemanasan langsung oleh radiasi matahari adalah mekanisme pemanasan saja.
Bumi menerima energi dari Matahari dalam bentuk UV, terlihat, dan IR radiasi dekat, sebagian besar yang melewati atmosfir tanpa diserap. Dari total jumlah energi yang tersedia di bagian atas atmosfer (TOA), sekitar 50% diserap di permukaan bumi. Karena hangat, permukaan memancarkan radiasi termal jauh IR yang terdiri dari panjang gelombang yang didominasi lebih lama dari panjang gelombang yang diserap. Sebagian besar dari radiasi termal yang diserap oleh kedua ke atas atmosfer dan kembali terpancar dan ke bawah, yang dipancarkan ke bawah diserap oleh permukaan bumi. Ini menjebak radiasi termal jangka panjang gelombang mengarah pada keseimbangan suhu lebih tinggi daripada jika atmosfer tidak hadir.
Pemanasan global
adalah peningkatan suhu rata-rata udara dekat permukaan bumi dan lautan sejak pertengahan abad ke-20 dan diproyeksikan kelanjutan. Konsensus ilmiah adalah bahwa pemanasan global sedang terjadi dan sebagian besar hasil dari aktivitas manusia. Temuan ini diakui oleh akademi ilmu pengetahuan nasional semua negara-negara industri utama dan tidak ditolak oleh badan ilmiah berdiri nasional atau internasional.
Eksternal memaksa mengacu pada proses di luar sistem iklim (walaupun belum tentu luar Bumi) yang mempengaruhi iklim. Iklim menanggapi beberapa jenis eksternal memaksa, seperti radiasi memaksa akibat perubahan komposisi atmosfer (konsentrasi rumah kaca terutama gas), perubahan luminositas matahari, letusan gunung berapi, dan variasi di orbit bumi mengelilingi matahari Attribution [36] iklim baru-baru ini. perubahan berfokus pada tiga jenis pertama dari memaksa. Orbital siklus bervariasi perlahan selama puluhan ribu tahun dan dengan demikian terlalu bertahap telah menyebabkan perubahan suhu yang diamati pada abad terakhir.
Hujan asam
adalah hujan atau bentuk lain dari curah hujan yang luar biasa asam, artinya memiliki peningkatan kadar ion hidrogen (pH rendah). Hal ini dapat memiliki efek berbahaya pada tanaman, hewan air, dan infrastruktur melalui proses pengendapan basah. Hujan asam disebabkan oleh emisi sulfur dioksida dan oksida nitrogen yang bereaksi dengan molekul-molekul air di atmosfer untuk memproduksi asam. Pemerintah telah melakukan upaya sejak tahun 1970 untuk mengurangi pelepasan belerang dioksida ke atmosfir dengan hasil positif. Nitrogen oksida juga dapat diproduksi secara alami oleh sambaran petir dan belerang dioksida dihasilkan oleh letusan gunung berapi. Seperti fenomena alam dan aktivitas manusia.
Gas yang paling penting yang menyebabkan pengasaman adalah belerang dioksida. Emisi nitrogen oksida yang teroksidasi membentuk asam nitrat adalah pentingnya peningkatan karena kontrol yang lebih ketat tentang emisi senyawa yang mengandung belerang. 70 Tg (S) per tahun dalam bentuk SO2 berasal dari pembakaran bahan bakar fosil dan industri, 2,8 Tg (S) dari kebakaran hutan dan 7-8 Tg (S) per tahun dari gunung berapi.
Polusi air
adalah kontaminasi badan air (misalnya danau, sungai, laut dan air tanah). Pencemaran air terjadi ketika polutan dibuang langsung maupun tidak langsung ke badan air tanpa perawatan yang memadai untuk membuang senyawa berbahaya.
Pencemaran air mempengaruhi tanaman dan organisme hidup dalam badan air, dan, di hampir semua kasus efeknya merusak tidak hanya spesies individu dan populasi, tetapi juga kepada masyarakat biologis alami.
Air permukaan dan air tanah telah sering dipelajari dan dikelola sebagai sumber daya yang terpisah, meskipun mereka saling [7] merembes permukaan air melalui tanah. Dan menjadi air tanah. Sebaliknya, air tanah juga dapat memakan sumber air permukaan. Sumber pencemaran air permukaan umumnya dikelompokkan menjadi dua kategori berdasarkan asal-usul mereka.
Eutrofikasi
(Yunani: eutrophia-sehat, gizi yang memadai, pengembangan; Jerman: Eutrophie). Adalah penambahan zat buatan atau alam, seperti nitrat dan fosfat, melalui pupuk atau kotoran, untuk sistem air [1] Dalam istilah lain, yang "mekar" atau meningkatkan besar fitoplankton dalam tubuh air. dampak lingkungan negatif meliputi hipoksia, berkurangnya oksigen dalam air, yang menyebabkan penurunan populasi ikan spesifik dan hewan lainnya. spesies lain (seperti ubur-ubur nomurai Nemopilema di perairan Jepang) mungkin mengalami peningkatan populasi yang negatif mempengaruhi spesies lain.
Eutrofikasi dapat menjadi manusia yang disebabkan atau alam. Limbah cair dan tidak diobati pertanian run-off membawa pupuk adalah contoh dari manusia-eutrofikasi disebabkan. Namun, hal itu juga terjadi secara alami dalam situasi di mana nutrisi menumpuk (misalnya lingkungan pengendapan), atau di mana mereka mengalir ke sistem secara singkat. Eutrofikasi umumnya meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman yang berlebihan dan membusuk, mendukung alga sederhana dan plankton atas tanaman lebih rumit lainnya, dan menyebabkan penurunan berat pada kualitas air. Peningkatan pertumbuhan vegetasi air atau fitoplankton dan ganggang mengganggu fungsi normal dari ekosistem, menyebabkan berbagai masalah seperti kekurangan oksigen yang diperlukan untuk ikan dan kerang untuk bertahan hidup. Air menjadi keruh, biasanya diwarnai dengan warna hijau, kuning, coklat, atau merah. Eutrofikasi juga menurunkan nilai sungai, danau, dan muara untuk rekreasi, memancing, berburu, dan kenikmatan estetika. Masalah kesehatan dapat terjadi di mana kondisi eutrofik mengganggu dengan pengolahan air minum.
Eutrofikasi adalah sebuah fenomena umum di perairan pantai. Berbeda dengan sistem air tawar, nitrogen lebih umum gizi membatasi kunci dari perairan laut, dengan demikian, tingkat nitrogen memiliki kepentingan yang lebih besar untuk memahami masalah eutrofikasi dalam air garam. Muara cenderung alami subur karena tanah yang diturunkan dari nutrisi terkonsentrasi di mana run-off memasuki saluran terbatas. Upwelling dalam sistem pesisir juga mendorong peningkatan produktivitas dengan menyampaikan dalam, perairan yang kaya nutrisi ke permukaan, dimana nutrisi yang dapat diasimilasikan oleh alga.
adalah pengenalan bahan kimia, partikel, atau bahan biologis yang menyebabkan kerugian atau ketidaknyamanan pada manusia atau organisme hidup lainnya, atau menyebabkan kerusakan pada lingkungan alam atau lingkungan binaan, ke atmosfer.
Zat di udara yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada manusia dan lingkungan dikenal sebagai polutan udara. Polutan bisa dalam bentuk partikel padat, tetesan cair, atau gas. Selain itu, mereka mungkin alam atau buatan manusia. [2]
Polutan dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai primer atau sekunder. Biasanya, polutan primer secara langsung dipancarkan dari suatu proses, seperti abu dari letusan gunung berapi, gas karbon monoksida dari knalpot kendaraan bermotor atau belerang dioksida dilepaskan dari pabrik. polutan sekunder tidak dipancarkan secara langsung. Sebaliknya, mereka membentuk di udara ketika polutan primer bereaksi atau berinteraksi. Contoh penting dari polutan sekunder adalah ozon permukaan tanah - salah satu dari banyak polutan sekunder yang membentuk kabut asap fotokimia. Beberapa polutan mungkin baik primer dan sekunder: yaitu, mereka berdua dipancarkan secara langsung dan terbentuk dari bahan pencemar primer lainnya.
Efek rumah kaca
adalah suatu proses dimana radiasi termal dari permukaan planet diserap oleh gas rumah kaca di atmosfer, dan kembali dipancarkan ke segala arah. Karena bagian dari radiasi-ulang adalah kembali ke permukaan, energi yang ditransfer ke permukaan dan suasana yang lebih rendah. Akibatnya, suhu di sana lebih tinggi daripada akan jika pemanasan langsung oleh radiasi matahari adalah mekanisme pemanasan saja.
Bumi menerima energi dari Matahari dalam bentuk UV, terlihat, dan IR radiasi dekat, sebagian besar yang melewati atmosfir tanpa diserap. Dari total jumlah energi yang tersedia di bagian atas atmosfer (TOA), sekitar 50% diserap di permukaan bumi. Karena hangat, permukaan memancarkan radiasi termal jauh IR yang terdiri dari panjang gelombang yang didominasi lebih lama dari panjang gelombang yang diserap. Sebagian besar dari radiasi termal yang diserap oleh kedua ke atas atmosfer dan kembali terpancar dan ke bawah, yang dipancarkan ke bawah diserap oleh permukaan bumi. Ini menjebak radiasi termal jangka panjang gelombang mengarah pada keseimbangan suhu lebih tinggi daripada jika atmosfer tidak hadir.
Pemanasan global
adalah peningkatan suhu rata-rata udara dekat permukaan bumi dan lautan sejak pertengahan abad ke-20 dan diproyeksikan kelanjutan. Konsensus ilmiah adalah bahwa pemanasan global sedang terjadi dan sebagian besar hasil dari aktivitas manusia. Temuan ini diakui oleh akademi ilmu pengetahuan nasional semua negara-negara industri utama dan tidak ditolak oleh badan ilmiah berdiri nasional atau internasional.
Eksternal memaksa mengacu pada proses di luar sistem iklim (walaupun belum tentu luar Bumi) yang mempengaruhi iklim. Iklim menanggapi beberapa jenis eksternal memaksa, seperti radiasi memaksa akibat perubahan komposisi atmosfer (konsentrasi rumah kaca terutama gas), perubahan luminositas matahari, letusan gunung berapi, dan variasi di orbit bumi mengelilingi matahari Attribution [36] iklim baru-baru ini. perubahan berfokus pada tiga jenis pertama dari memaksa. Orbital siklus bervariasi perlahan selama puluhan ribu tahun dan dengan demikian terlalu bertahap telah menyebabkan perubahan suhu yang diamati pada abad terakhir.
Hujan asam
adalah hujan atau bentuk lain dari curah hujan yang luar biasa asam, artinya memiliki peningkatan kadar ion hidrogen (pH rendah). Hal ini dapat memiliki efek berbahaya pada tanaman, hewan air, dan infrastruktur melalui proses pengendapan basah. Hujan asam disebabkan oleh emisi sulfur dioksida dan oksida nitrogen yang bereaksi dengan molekul-molekul air di atmosfer untuk memproduksi asam. Pemerintah telah melakukan upaya sejak tahun 1970 untuk mengurangi pelepasan belerang dioksida ke atmosfir dengan hasil positif. Nitrogen oksida juga dapat diproduksi secara alami oleh sambaran petir dan belerang dioksida dihasilkan oleh letusan gunung berapi. Seperti fenomena alam dan aktivitas manusia.
Gas yang paling penting yang menyebabkan pengasaman adalah belerang dioksida. Emisi nitrogen oksida yang teroksidasi membentuk asam nitrat adalah pentingnya peningkatan karena kontrol yang lebih ketat tentang emisi senyawa yang mengandung belerang. 70 Tg (S) per tahun dalam bentuk SO2 berasal dari pembakaran bahan bakar fosil dan industri, 2,8 Tg (S) dari kebakaran hutan dan 7-8 Tg (S) per tahun dari gunung berapi.
Polusi air
adalah kontaminasi badan air (misalnya danau, sungai, laut dan air tanah). Pencemaran air terjadi ketika polutan dibuang langsung maupun tidak langsung ke badan air tanpa perawatan yang memadai untuk membuang senyawa berbahaya.
Pencemaran air mempengaruhi tanaman dan organisme hidup dalam badan air, dan, di hampir semua kasus efeknya merusak tidak hanya spesies individu dan populasi, tetapi juga kepada masyarakat biologis alami.
Air permukaan dan air tanah telah sering dipelajari dan dikelola sebagai sumber daya yang terpisah, meskipun mereka saling [7] merembes permukaan air melalui tanah. Dan menjadi air tanah. Sebaliknya, air tanah juga dapat memakan sumber air permukaan. Sumber pencemaran air permukaan umumnya dikelompokkan menjadi dua kategori berdasarkan asal-usul mereka.
Eutrofikasi
(Yunani: eutrophia-sehat, gizi yang memadai, pengembangan; Jerman: Eutrophie). Adalah penambahan zat buatan atau alam, seperti nitrat dan fosfat, melalui pupuk atau kotoran, untuk sistem air [1] Dalam istilah lain, yang "mekar" atau meningkatkan besar fitoplankton dalam tubuh air. dampak lingkungan negatif meliputi hipoksia, berkurangnya oksigen dalam air, yang menyebabkan penurunan populasi ikan spesifik dan hewan lainnya. spesies lain (seperti ubur-ubur nomurai Nemopilema di perairan Jepang) mungkin mengalami peningkatan populasi yang negatif mempengaruhi spesies lain.
Eutrofikasi dapat menjadi manusia yang disebabkan atau alam. Limbah cair dan tidak diobati pertanian run-off membawa pupuk adalah contoh dari manusia-eutrofikasi disebabkan. Namun, hal itu juga terjadi secara alami dalam situasi di mana nutrisi menumpuk (misalnya lingkungan pengendapan), atau di mana mereka mengalir ke sistem secara singkat. Eutrofikasi umumnya meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman yang berlebihan dan membusuk, mendukung alga sederhana dan plankton atas tanaman lebih rumit lainnya, dan menyebabkan penurunan berat pada kualitas air. Peningkatan pertumbuhan vegetasi air atau fitoplankton dan ganggang mengganggu fungsi normal dari ekosistem, menyebabkan berbagai masalah seperti kekurangan oksigen yang diperlukan untuk ikan dan kerang untuk bertahan hidup. Air menjadi keruh, biasanya diwarnai dengan warna hijau, kuning, coklat, atau merah. Eutrofikasi juga menurunkan nilai sungai, danau, dan muara untuk rekreasi, memancing, berburu, dan kenikmatan estetika. Masalah kesehatan dapat terjadi di mana kondisi eutrofik mengganggu dengan pengolahan air minum.
Eutrofikasi adalah sebuah fenomena umum di perairan pantai. Berbeda dengan sistem air tawar, nitrogen lebih umum gizi membatasi kunci dari perairan laut, dengan demikian, tingkat nitrogen memiliki kepentingan yang lebih besar untuk memahami masalah eutrofikasi dalam air garam. Muara cenderung alami subur karena tanah yang diturunkan dari nutrisi terkonsentrasi di mana run-off memasuki saluran terbatas. Upwelling dalam sistem pesisir juga mendorong peningkatan produktivitas dengan menyampaikan dalam, perairan yang kaya nutrisi ke permukaan, dimana nutrisi yang dapat diasimilasikan oleh alga.
Sabtu, 01 Desember 2012
Hi guys, pngen promosi nih
Setelah lumayan lama ga buka blog & hampir lupa passwrd, gua mau post tntang hmm... My future boyfriend! Ato lebih tepatnya Justin Drew Bieber. Sebenernya bukan tntang dia jg sih, tpi tntang perfume dia yg GIRLFRIEND and SOMEDAY
"everyone loves the Wink, Nod, Smile"
OMG!!! First time i saw it, i'm feelin crazy then died.
wat do u feel? :))
SOMEDAY i'll be his GIRLFRIEND
#Lo jg bisa asalkan beli parfum ini #Promosi #Hahaha #CacadYa? #EnggaGeh
Selasa, 02 Oktober 2012
Sabtu, 18 Agustus 2012
A Whole New World lyrics
I can show you the world
Shining, shimmering, splendid
Tell me, princess, now when did
You last let your heart decide?
I can open your eyes
Take you wonder by wonder
Over, sideways and under
On a magic carpet ride
A whole new world
A new fantastic point of view
No one to tell us no or where to go
Or say we're only dreaming
A whole new world
A dazzling place I never knew
But when I'm way up here, it's crystal clear
That now I'm in a whole new world with you
Now I'm in a whole new world with you
Unbelievable sights
Indescribable feeling
Soaring, tumbling, freewheeling
Through an endless diamond sky
A whole new world
Don't you dare close your eyes
A hundred thousand things to see
(Hold your breath, it gets better)
I'm like a shooting star
I've come so far
I can't go back
To where I used to be
A whole new world
Every turn a surprise
With new horizons to pursue
Every moment red-letter
I'll chase them anywhere
There's time to spare
Let me share this whole new world with you
A whole new world
That's where we'll be
A thrilling chase
A wondrous place
For you and me
hey i'd really love this couple! <3
Jumat, 17 Agustus 2012
Top 10 Most Dangerous Roads in the World
Top 10 Most Dangerous Roads in the World
At one time or another, most drivers encounter unsafe road conditions. Hazards can appear in many different forms; for instance, poor weather, drunk drivers, and simple human error can all complicate an otherwise uneventful journey. On the other hand, sometimes the condition of the road itself can put your life in jeopardy.
Constructed by the Pashtun emperor Sher Shah Suri in the 16th century, India’s Grand Trunk Road (also known as GT) spans more than 1,500 miles from Bangladesh in the east to Pakistan in the west, serving as one of the main thoroughfares across the Indian subcontinent. Over the years, it has functioned both as a major trade route and as a convenient right-of-way for invading armies.
GT is considered dangerous not because of risky heights or disheartening road conditions, but because of the traffic congestion. Trucks, buses, bicycles, pedestrians, and animals have turned parts of this heavily-used road into a major headache. If you’re planning to drive here, you’ll want to be as alert as possible. Photo: by Beardy Git
The Pan-American Highway has plenty of dangerous stretches, but the old road that passes through the Costa Rican mountains to link San Isidro de General and Cartago is especially hazardous.
The high point in the pass is known as Cerro de la Muerte, or Mountain of Death – not technically because of the road, but because people traveling through the pass before the road existed often didn’t survive the cold journey. However, the name happens to be an apt descriptor for the road itself, which tests drivers with excessive potholes, steep, narrow curves, and plenty of fog. The road’s height (13,000 feet) can also cause altitude sickness, further impairing drivers.
In addition to these perils, you can also expect to deal with the imprudent habits of local bus and truck drivers, who tend to drive very aggressively and irresponsibly despite the unsafe conditions. Fortunately, a new paved road between Quepos and Dominical has recently been completed, which will give travelers an alternative to the Mountain of Death route.
China’s high-altitude Sichuan – Tibet Highway covers about 1,500 miles between Chengdu in the east and Lhasa (Tibet) in the west, offering the choice between the northern or southern route. Both options boast beautiful scenery, enormous mountain peaks, various cultural and historical attractions, and many famous rivers. Que’er Mountain pass, the highest point on the route, rises to over 20,000 feet.
Like many other roads that cut through mountains, the Sichuan – Tibet Highway is prone to landslides, falling rocks, and extreme weather conditions that can close roads for a month at a time. Add avalanches and altitude sickness to the lineup, and you could find yourself in rather unsafe driving conditions. It’s certainly a great route for sightseeing, but keep in mind that it will also add a good dose of intensity to your driving adventures.
In 1862, a couple of shepherds discovered gold in the Shotover River near Queenstown, New Zealand, prompting an immediate gold rush. This in turn necessitated the creation of an access route, and the result was Skippers Road, a narrow, winding, and exhilaratingly treacherous pathway that twists and turns for about 16 ½ miles through Skippers Canyon.
Carved and blasted right out of the solid rock by Chinese laborers, Skippers Road took 22 years to complete, and it doesn’t look much different today than when it was first created. In most places it’s too narrow for vehicles to pass each other, there are no guardrails, and the drop-offs leave absolutely no room for error.
Beautiful, yes, but also risky. Unless you’re a thrill seeker, leave the driving to the tour guides, and keep in mind that car rental companies probably won’t allow you to explore Skippers Road with their vehicles.
Located on the island of Luzon, the Halsema Highway runs through the Central Cordillera Valley in the Philippines from Baguio to Bontoc and farther on toward Tabuk and Tuguegarao. Landslides and rock falls are common, often stranding motorists for long periods of time. Many portions of the road are still unpaved, although work is supposedly in progress to bring about some improvements, and there are plenty of drop-offs that are steep enough to kill you.
Foggy conditions paired with the lack of much-needed guardrails in certain areas only complicate the Halsema Highway’s already dangerous conditions. Local accounts also indicate that buses traversing this route are less than considerate when it comes to road rules, so watch your step. Photo: http://www.dirjournal.com
In the mountainous Agrafa region of Greece, the route connecting Patiopoulo and Perdikaki is an unnerving example of roads that require constant attentiveness and care from their travelers. Potholes and loose, slippery gravel weaken a driver’s control while distractions from heavy traffic, pedestrians, and livestock create additional hazards. Many sections are very steep and narrow, demanding the utmost of caution.
But there’s more madness involved here – the road apparently includes sharp drop-offs on not just one, but on both sides. And there aren’t any barriers. Strictly for your driving pleasure, of course.
The violent attacks along this road are dangerous enough by themselves, but what sometimes makes it even worse is the fact that most people who drive at night don’t use headlights for fear of announcing their approach. Yes, it could be a great way to avoid unseen enemies, but it also invites other disasters in the form of head-on collisions.
Invisibility might save you from one threat, but there’s a good chance it will deliver you into the hands of another. Consider buying some of those night vision goggles if you plan to drive this road after dark.
Situated at the base of Pakistan’s 26,660-foot Nanga Parbat, Fairy Meadows is a picturesque destination for backpackers, photographers, and mountain climbers who want to get closer to the enormous peak and enjoy the scenery. Getting to Fairy Meadows, however, is not such an attractive experience. Part of the trip involves surviving a 6-mile, hour-long drive on an unstable gravel road hacked out of the barren hills.
From Raikot Bridge to the village of Tato, this ‘road’ offers the motorist all the insane features of your typical mountainside dirt trail. It’s narrow, unpaved, steep, and of course there aren’t any guardrails to prevent your Jeep from rolling down into the gorge. You can’t even drive it all the way to Fairy Meadows; the last section has to be covered by bicycle or on foot.
A great road for adventurers, Fairy Meadows Road is definitely not for the faint of heart.
As anyone who’s ever driven a car before knows, a road can qualify as dangerous without having muddy, hairpin turns thousands of feet in the air. People die on roads around the world because of other irresponsible drivers, and that’s why this road in Kenya made it onto the list. It looks like a decent place to drive, but speeding, unsafe passing attempts, and drunk driving have inflated the death toll to over 300 every year.
In other words, you might actually have a better chance of surviving on one of those precarious mountain roads.
According to the Association for Safe International Road Travel, the title for World’s Most Dangerous Road goes to Bolivia’s old Yungas Road, which twists and turns for about 40 miles between the capital city of La Paz and the town of Coroico in the Yungas jungle region. If other roads seem risky, the old Yungas Road is nothing less than a suicide mission.
At one time or another, most drivers encounter unsafe road conditions. Hazards can appear in many different forms; for instance, poor weather, drunk drivers, and simple human error can all complicate an otherwise uneventful journey. On the other hand, sometimes the condition of the road itself can put your life in jeopardy.
10. Grand Trunk Road (India)
Constructed by the Pashtun emperor Sher Shah Suri in the 16th century, India’s Grand Trunk Road (also known as GT) spans more than 1,500 miles from Bangladesh in the east to Pakistan in the west, serving as one of the main thoroughfares across the Indian subcontinent. Over the years, it has functioned both as a major trade route and as a convenient right-of-way for invading armies.
GT is considered dangerous not because of risky heights or disheartening road conditions, but because of the traffic congestion. Trucks, buses, bicycles, pedestrians, and animals have turned parts of this heavily-used road into a major headache. If you’re planning to drive here, you’ll want to be as alert as possible. Photo: by Beardy Git
9. San Isidro de General – Cartago (Costa Rica)
The Pan-American Highway has plenty of dangerous stretches, but the old road that passes through the Costa Rican mountains to link San Isidro de General and Cartago is especially hazardous.
The high point in the pass is known as Cerro de la Muerte, or Mountain of Death – not technically because of the road, but because people traveling through the pass before the road existed often didn’t survive the cold journey. However, the name happens to be an apt descriptor for the road itself, which tests drivers with excessive potholes, steep, narrow curves, and plenty of fog. The road’s height (13,000 feet) can also cause altitude sickness, further impairing drivers.
In addition to these perils, you can also expect to deal with the imprudent habits of local bus and truck drivers, who tend to drive very aggressively and irresponsibly despite the unsafe conditions. Fortunately, a new paved road between Quepos and Dominical has recently been completed, which will give travelers an alternative to the Mountain of Death route.
8. Sichuan – Tibet Highway (China)
China’s high-altitude Sichuan – Tibet Highway covers about 1,500 miles between Chengdu in the east and Lhasa (Tibet) in the west, offering the choice between the northern or southern route. Both options boast beautiful scenery, enormous mountain peaks, various cultural and historical attractions, and many famous rivers. Que’er Mountain pass, the highest point on the route, rises to over 20,000 feet.
Like many other roads that cut through mountains, the Sichuan – Tibet Highway is prone to landslides, falling rocks, and extreme weather conditions that can close roads for a month at a time. Add avalanches and altitude sickness to the lineup, and you could find yourself in rather unsafe driving conditions. It’s certainly a great route for sightseeing, but keep in mind that it will also add a good dose of intensity to your driving adventures.
7. Skippers Road (New Zealand)
In 1862, a couple of shepherds discovered gold in the Shotover River near Queenstown, New Zealand, prompting an immediate gold rush. This in turn necessitated the creation of an access route, and the result was Skippers Road, a narrow, winding, and exhilaratingly treacherous pathway that twists and turns for about 16 ½ miles through Skippers Canyon.
Carved and blasted right out of the solid rock by Chinese laborers, Skippers Road took 22 years to complete, and it doesn’t look much different today than when it was first created. In most places it’s too narrow for vehicles to pass each other, there are no guardrails, and the drop-offs leave absolutely no room for error.
Beautiful, yes, but also risky. Unless you’re a thrill seeker, leave the driving to the tour guides, and keep in mind that car rental companies probably won’t allow you to explore Skippers Road with their vehicles.
6. Halsema Highway (Philippines)
Located on the island of Luzon, the Halsema Highway runs through the Central Cordillera Valley in the Philippines from Baguio to Bontoc and farther on toward Tabuk and Tuguegarao. Landslides and rock falls are common, often stranding motorists for long periods of time. Many portions of the road are still unpaved, although work is supposedly in progress to bring about some improvements, and there are plenty of drop-offs that are steep enough to kill you.
Foggy conditions paired with the lack of much-needed guardrails in certain areas only complicate the Halsema Highway’s already dangerous conditions. Local accounts also indicate that buses traversing this route are less than considerate when it comes to road rules, so watch your step. Photo: http://www.dirjournal.com
5. Patiopoulo – Perdikaki Road (Greece)
In the mountainous Agrafa region of Greece, the route connecting Patiopoulo and Perdikaki is an unnerving example of roads that require constant attentiveness and care from their travelers. Potholes and loose, slippery gravel weaken a driver’s control while distractions from heavy traffic, pedestrians, and livestock create additional hazards. Many sections are very steep and narrow, demanding the utmost of caution.
But there’s more madness involved here – the road apparently includes sharp drop-offs on not just one, but on both sides. And there aren’t any barriers. Strictly for your driving pleasure, of course.
4. Luxor – al – Hurghada Road (Egypt)
The road connecting Luxor (the site of the ancient city of Thebes) with the Egyptian Red Sea resort town of Hurghada is paved, marked, and appears to be relatively safe. However, bandits, terrorist attempts to undermine the tourism industry, and frightened drivers have all combined to turn this route into a major nightmare.The violent attacks along this road are dangerous enough by themselves, but what sometimes makes it even worse is the fact that most people who drive at night don’t use headlights for fear of announcing their approach. Yes, it could be a great way to avoid unseen enemies, but it also invites other disasters in the form of head-on collisions.
Invisibility might save you from one threat, but there’s a good chance it will deliver you into the hands of another. Consider buying some of those night vision goggles if you plan to drive this road after dark.
3. Fairy Meadows Road (Pakistan)
Situated at the base of Pakistan’s 26,660-foot Nanga Parbat, Fairy Meadows is a picturesque destination for backpackers, photographers, and mountain climbers who want to get closer to the enormous peak and enjoy the scenery. Getting to Fairy Meadows, however, is not such an attractive experience. Part of the trip involves surviving a 6-mile, hour-long drive on an unstable gravel road hacked out of the barren hills.
From Raikot Bridge to the village of Tato, this ‘road’ offers the motorist all the insane features of your typical mountainside dirt trail. It’s narrow, unpaved, steep, and of course there aren’t any guardrails to prevent your Jeep from rolling down into the gorge. You can’t even drive it all the way to Fairy Meadows; the last section has to be covered by bicycle or on foot.
A great road for adventurers, Fairy Meadows Road is definitely not for the faint of heart.
2. Nairobi – Nakuru – Eldoret Highway (Kenya)
As anyone who’s ever driven a car before knows, a road can qualify as dangerous without having muddy, hairpin turns thousands of feet in the air. People die on roads around the world because of other irresponsible drivers, and that’s why this road in Kenya made it onto the list. It looks like a decent place to drive, but speeding, unsafe passing attempts, and drunk driving have inflated the death toll to over 300 every year.
In other words, you might actually have a better chance of surviving on one of those precarious mountain roads.
1. Old Yungas Road (Bolivia)
According to the Association for Safe International Road Travel, the title for World’s Most Dangerous Road goes to Bolivia’s old Yungas Road, which twists and turns for about 40 miles between the capital city of La Paz and the town of Coroico in the Yungas jungle region. If other roads seem risky, the old Yungas Road is nothing less than a suicide mission.
Hans Christian Andersen (Early life)
Hans Christian Andersen was born in the town of Odense, Denmark,
on Tuesday, April 2, 1805. He was an only child. "Hans", "Christian"
and "Andersen" were (and are) traditional and common Danish names.
Andersen's father, also Hans, considered himself related to nobility.
His paternal grandmother had told his father that their family had in
the past belonged to a higher social class, but investigations prove
these stories unfounded. The family apparently was affiliated with
Danish royalty, but through employment or trade. Today, speculation
persists that Andersen may have been an illegitimate son of the royal
family. In any case, King Frederick VI took a personal interest in him as a youth and paid for a part of his education.[2]
According to writer Rolf Dorset, Andersen's ancestry remains
indeterminate. Hans Christian was forced to support himself. He worked
as a weaver's apprentice and, later, for a tailor. At 14, he moved to Copenhagen to seek employment as an actor. Having an excellent soprano voice, he was accepted into the Royal Danish Theatre,
but his voice soon changed. A colleague at the theatre told him that he
considered Andersen a poet. Taking the suggestion seriously, he began
to focus on writing.
Jonas Collin, who, following a chance encounter with Andersen, immediately felt a great affection for him, sent him to a grammar school in Slagelse, covering all his expenses.[3] Andersen had already published his first story, The Ghost at Palnatoke's Grave, in 1822. Though not a keen student, he also attended school at Elsinore until 1827.[4]
He later said his years in school were the darkest and most bitter of
his life. At one school, he lived at his schoolmaster's home. There he
was abused in order "to improve his character", he was told. He later
said the faculty had discouraged him from writing in general, causing
him to enter a state of depression.
Career
In 1829, Andersen enjoyed considerable success with a short story
titled "A Journey on Foot from Holmen's Canal to the East Point of
Amager". He also published a comedy and a collection of poems that
season. Though he made little progress writing and publishing
immediately thereafter, in 1833 he received a small traveling grant from
the King, enabling him to set out on the first of many journeys through
Europe. At Jura, near Le Locle,
Switzerland, he wrote the story, "Agnete and the Merman". He spent an
evening in the Italian seaside village of Sestri Levante the same year,
inspiring the name, The Bay of Fables. (An annual festival celebrates
his visit.[5]) In October, 1834, he arrived in Rome. Andersen's first novel, "The Improvisatore",
was published at the beginning of 1835, becoming an instant success.
During these traveling years, Hans Christian Andersen lived in an
apartment at number 20, Nyhavn, Copenhagen. There, a memorial plaque was unveiled on May 8, 1935, a gift by Peter Schannong.[6]
Fairy tales
It was during 1835 that Andersen published the first installment of his immortal Fairy Tales (Danish: '´'Eventyr).
More stories, completing the first volume, were published in 1836 and
1837. The quality of these stories was not immediately recognized, and
they sold poorly. At the same time, Andersen enjoyed more success with
two novels O.T. (1836) and Only a Fiddler.
After a visit to Sweden in 1837, Andersen became inspired by Scandinavism and committed himself to writing a poem to convey his feeling of relatedness between the Swedes, the Danes and the Norwegians.[7] It was in July 1839 during a visit to the island of Funen that Andersen first wrote the text of his poem Jeg er en Skandinav (I am a Scandinavian).[7]
Andersen designed the poem to capture "the beauty of the Nordic spirit,
the way the three sister nations have gradually grown together" as part
of a Scandinavian national anthem.[7] Composer Otto Lindblad
set the poem to music and the composition was published in January
1840. Its popularity peaked in 1845, after which it was seldom sung.[7] Andersen spent 2 weeks at the Augustenborg Palace in the autumn of 1844.[8]
Travelogues
In 1851, he published to wide acclaim In Sweden, a volume of travel sketches. A keen traveler, Andersen published several other long travelogues: Shadow Pictures of a Journey to the Harz, Swiss Saxony, etc. etc. in the Summer of 1831 (A Poet's Bazaar (560), In Spain, and A Visit to Portugal in 1866 (The latter describes his visit with his Portuguese
friends Jorge and Jose O'Neill, who were his fellows in the mid 1820s
while living in Copenhagen.) In his travelogues, Andersen took heed of
some of the contemporary conventions about travel writing; but always
developed the genre to suit his own purposes. Each of his travelogues
combines documentary and descriptive accounts of the sights he saw with
more philosophical excurses on topics such as being an author,
immortality, and the nature of fiction in the literary travel report.
Some of the travelogues, such as In Sweden, even contain fairy-tales.
In the 1840s Andersen's attention returned to the stage, however with
no great success at all. His true genius was however proved in the miscellany the Picture-Book without Pictures
(1840). The fame of his fairy tales had grown steadily; a second series
began in 1838 and a third in 1845. Andersen was now celebrated
throughout Europe, although his native Denmark
still showed some resistance to his pretensions. Between 1845 and 1864,
H. C. Andersen lived in 67, Nyhavn, Copenhagen, where a memorial plaque
is placed.[6]
Personal life
Meetings with Dickens
In June 1847, Andersen paid his first visit to Britain and enjoyed a triumphal social success during the summer. The Countess of Blessington invited him to her parties where intellectual and famous people could meet, and it was at one party that he met Charles Dickens
for the first time. They shook hands and walked to the veranda which
was of much joy to Andersen. He wrote in his diary, "We had come to the
veranda, I was so happy to see and speak to England's now living writer,
whom I love the most."[9]
Ten years later, Andersen visited Britain again, primarily to visit
Dickens. He extended a brief visit to Dickens' home into five weeks, to
the distress of Dickens' family. Dickens stopped all correspondence
between them, after the disastrous stay, much to the great
disappointment and confusion of Andersen, who had quite enjoyed the
visit, and never understood why his letters went unanswered.[9]
Love life
In Andersen's early life, his private journal records his refusal to have sexual relations.[10][11]
Andersen often fell in love with unattainable women and many of his stories are interpreted as references to his sexual grief.[12]
At one point he wrote in his diary: "Almighty God, thee only have I;
thou steerest my fate, I must give myself up to thee! Give me a
livelihood! Give me a bride! My blood wants love, as my heart does!"[13] A girl named Riborg Voigt was the unrequited love
of Andersen's youth. A small pouch containing a long letter from Riborg
was found on Andersen's chest when he died, several decades after he
first fell in love with her, and after he supposedly fell in love with
others. Other disappointments in love included Sophie Ørsted, the
daughter of the physicist Hans Christian Ørsted, and Louise Collin, the youngest daughter of his benefactor Jonas Collin. The most famous of these was the opera soprano Jenny Lind. One of his stories, "The Nightingale",
was a written expression of his passion for Lind, and became the
inspiration for her nickname, the "Swedish Nightingale". Andersen was
often shy around women and had extreme difficulty in proposing to Lind.
When Lind was boarding a train to take her to an opera concert, Andersen
gave Lind a letter of proposal. Her feelings towards him were not the
same; she saw him as a brother, writing to him in 1844 "farewell... God
bless and protect my brother is the sincere wish of his affectionate
sister, Jenny."[14]
Just as with his interest in women, Andersen would become attracted
to nonreciprocating men. For example, Andersen wrote to Edvard Collin:[15] "I languish for you as for a pretty Calabrian
wench... my sentiments for you are those of a woman. The femininity of
my nature and our friendship must remain a mystery." Collin, who only
preferred women, wrote in his own memoir: "I found myself unable to
respond to this love, and this caused the author much suffering."
Likewise, the infatuations of the author for the Danish dancer Harald Scharff[16] and Carl Alexander, the young hereditary duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,[17] did not result in any relationships.
In recent times some literary studies have speculated about the homoerotic camouflage in Andersen's works.[18]
Death
In the spring of 1872, Andersen fell out of his bed and was severely
hurt. He never fully recovered, but he lived until August 4, 1875, dying
of insidious causes in a house called Rolighed (literally: calmness), near Copenhagen, the home of his close friends, the banker Moritz Melchior and his wife.[19]
Shortly before his death, he had consulted a composer about the music
for his funeral, saying: "Most of the people who will walk after me will
be children, so make the beat keep time with little steps."[19] His body was interred in the Assistens Kirkegård in the Nørrebro area of Copenhagen.
At the time of his death, he was an internationally renowned and
treasured artist. He received a stipend from the Danish Government as a
"national treasure". Before his death, steps were already underway to
erect the large statue in his honor, which was completed and is
prominently placed in Rosenborg Garden ("Kongens Have", sculptor A.V.
Saabye, 1880) in Copenhagen.[1]
Legacy
In the English-speaking world, stories such as "Thumbelina", "The Snow Queen", "The Little Match Girl", "The Ugly Duckling", "The Little Mermaid", "The Emperor's New Clothes", "The Steadfast Tin Soldier", and "The Princess and the Pea"
remain popular and are widely read. "The Emperor's New Clothes" and
"The Ugly Duckling" have both passed into the English language as
well-known expressions.
In the Copenhagen harbor there is a statue of The Little Mermaid, placed in honor of Hans Christian Andersen. April 2, Andersen's birthday, is celebrated as International Children's Book Day. The year 2005 was the bicentenary of Andersen's birth and his life and work was celebrated around the world.
In the United States, statues of Hans Christian Andersen may be found in Central Park, New York, Chicago's Lincoln Park and in Solvang, California. The Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division holds a unique collection of Andersen materials bequeathed by the Danish-American actor Jean Hersholt.[20] Of particular note is an original scrapbook Andersen prepared for the young Jonas Drewsen.[21]
The city of Bratislava, Slovakia features a statue of Hans Christian Andersen in memory of his visit in 1841.[22]
The city of Malaga, Spain has a statue of Hans Christian Andersen.
A $13-million theme park based on Andersen's tales and life opened in
Shanghai at the end of 2006. Multi-media games as well as all kinds of
cultural contests related to the fairy tales are available to visitors.
He was chosen as the star of the park because he is a "nice, hardworking
person who was not afraid of poverty", Shanghai Gujin Investment
general manager Zhai Shiqiang was quoted by the AFP news agency as
saying.[25]
Famous fairy tales
See also: Hans Christian Andersen bibliography
Some of his most famous fairy tales include:
- The Angel (1843) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- The Bell (1845) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- The Emperor's New Clothes (1837) University of Southern Denmark
- The Galoshes of Fortune (1838) "Lykkens Kalosker"
- The Fir Tree (1844) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- The Happy Family (1847)
- The Ice Maiden (1861) "Iisjomfruen"
- It's Quite True! (1852) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- The Little Match Girl (1848) University of Southern Denmark
- The Little Mermaid (1836) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- Little Tuck (1847) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- The Nightingale (1844) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- The Old House (1847) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- Sandman (1841) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- The Princess and the Pea (1835; also known as The Real Princess) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- Several Things (1837) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- The Red Shoes (1845) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- The Shadow (1847) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep (1845)
- The Snow Queen (1844) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- The Steadfast Tin Soldier (1838) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- The Story of a Mother (1847) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- The Swineherd (1841) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- Thumbelina (1835) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- The Tinderbox (1835) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- The Ugly Duckling (1844) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
- The Wild Swans (1838) University of Southern Denmark (Danish)
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